To address the problems of low toughness and poor deformation ability of cement soil, short-chopped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers were added to modify and toughen the cement soil in this paper, and unconfined compressive and flexural tests were conducted on the PVA fiber-reinforced cement soil with different cement contents. The results show that compared with plain cement soil, the fiber-reinforced cement soil has stronger compressive deformation capacity, a flatter descending branch of the compressive stress–strain curve, a higher residual stress level, and better compressive toughness. When the cement content increases from 5% to 10%, the overall growth rates of compressive strength and flexural strength of the fiber-reinforced cement soil are greater than those of plain cement soil. Adding a certain amount of PVA fibers significantly improves the flexural strength, flexural deformation capacity, and flexural toughness, and the failure mode changes from brittle fracture to ductile failure. The mechanical properties of the specimens increase rapidly at an early age and remain basically unchanged after 28 d, and within a curing age of 90 d, the degree of compressive failure of the specimens gradually becomes increasingly severe as the curing age increases.