Resource utilization of construction waste is an important approach for the sustainable development of infrastructure. To improve the diversified recycling system of construction waste in China and resolve the contradiction between the yield of construction waste and lagging treatment technologies, the physical-mechanical properties, modification methods, and pavement performance of construction waste were systematically summarized in this paper. Firstly, by analyzing the sources and treatment processes of construction waste, material variability was clarified as the key factor restricting its high-value application. Secondly, the application characteristics of construction waste mixtures in the subgrade, base, and asphalt surface layer of road engineering were comprehensively analyzed, and their pavement performance characteristics and process parameters were discussed layer by layer. Finally, the economy and feasibility of the pavement technology of recycled construction waste mixtures were clarified through typical engineering cases, and the significant environmental benefits provide technical support for the construction industry to achieve the carbon neutrality goal. The results indicate that the strength of recycled construction waste mixtures can be effectively improved by addressing the weak interface between old mortar and aggregates, while the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures of construction waste for road use needs to be broken through. It is suggested that research on the effect of low-temperature asphalt modifiers on the performance of construction waste mixtures should be carried out. Meanwhile, the pavement performance of construction waste materials is significantly influenced by the construction compaction process, and conducting research combining material design and process is more conducive to guiding engineering practice.