To study the dynamic response and deformation characteristics of the carbonaceous mudstone embankment under traffic load, dynamic triaxial tests were conducted to investigate the variation laws of the dynamic backbone curve and dynamic elastic modulus of the carbonaceous mudstone embankment filler under the influence of different factors. Combined with numerical simulation, the dynamic response and deformation characteristics of the carbonaceous mudstone embankment were analyzed. The dynamic triaxial test results show that the dynamic backbone curve of the carbonaceous mudstone embankment filler can be described by the Hardin-Drnevich model. The dynamic elastic modulus of the carbonaceous mudstone filler is positively correlated with the confining pressure, loading frequency, and static deviatoric stress, and the influence of the confining pressure and static deviatoric stress is much greater than that of the frequency. The dynamic elastic modulus of the carbonaceous mudstone filler decreases with the increase of dynamic strain. An attenuation model of dynamic elastic modulus considering the influences of the confining pressure and static deviatoric stress is established, and its rationality is verified by experiments. The numerical simulation results indicate that the dynamic stress of the soil at the wheel load is the largest under the same embankment depth. The dynamic stress gradually decreases with the increase of depth, and the attenuation is the most serious within 0?1 m. The cumulative deformation of the carbonaceous mudstone embankment under traffic load is small, which indicates that the pre-disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone filler has good dynamic characteristics and meets the specification requirements for embankment filling.