To reveal the differences in drivers’ visual recognition of traffic signs in a transnational context and provide a methodological reference for research on visual recognition distance differences, this study, based on the SILAB driving simulation platform, used triangular slippery road signs, circular end-of-speed-limit signs, and guide signs as examples to compare and analyze the differences in the relationship between sign size and visual recognition distance for Chinese drivers regarding Chinese and British traffic signs. In the experiment, the information content and location of the same types of Chinese and British traffic signs were kept consistent, and the sign sizes were set according to the current traffic sign design standards of the two countries. Combined with data regression characteristics, the slopes of the relationship equations between visual recognition distance for Chinese drivers and sign size for Chinese and British signs were compared and analyzed. The research data show that the slopes of the relationship equations between visual recognition distance for Chinese drivers and traffic sign size regarding Chinese and British signs are similar. Under the same road design speed, the design size ranges of the end-of-speed-limit signs in China and the UK differ significantly. Under the condition of identical sign size and information content, the visual recognition distance for Chinese guide signs is greater than that for British guide signs, and the slope of the relationship equation between visual recognition distance and sign size is higher for Chinese guide signs. In view of the differences in Chinese drivers’ visual recognition of traffic signs in a transnational context, it is suggested to strengthen adaptive training for local traffic signs. The research results can provide a reference for international driving safety education and road traffic sign design.