This paper aims to explore the performance recovery of desulfurized rubber powder in the desulfurized rubber powder-SBS composite modified asphalt after revulcanization treatment. By using 18% rubber powder-2% SBS composite modified asphalt, a desulfurized rubber powder-SBS composite modified asphalt was first prepared via a microwave pyrolysis desulfurization process. Subsequently, a vulcanizing agent was added to the system to prepare the revulcanized rubber powder-SBS composite modified asphalt. Experiments determined the optimal microwave pyrolysis desulfurization duration for rubber powder to be 5 min, and the optimal sulfur dosage was 6% by mass of the desulfurized rubber powder. A comparative analysis of the high- and low-temperature rheological properties of three composite modified asphalts (non-desulfurized, desulfurized, and revulcanized) shows that compared to the desulfurized rubber powder composite modified asphalt, the revulcanized rubber powder composite modified asphalt exhibits significantly improved viscoelasticity, deformation recovery rate, and deformation resistance under high-temperature conditions. Meanwhile, its deformation resistance and durability in low-temperature environments are also significantly improved, with all performance indicators restored to the levels of the non-desulfurized rubber powder-SBS composite modified asphalt. Infrared spectroscopy tests indicate that the addition of the vulcanizing agent restores C-S bonds and partially restores S-S bonds in the desulfurized rubber powder. These results confirm the effectiveness of revulcanization treatment in recovering the performance of desulfurized rubber powder-SBS composite modified asphalt, providing a theoretical basis and practical reference for related research and engineering applications.