To clarify how interlayer bonding performance of cement concrete bridge decks affects the durability of bridge deck pavements and to identify the technical methods, research challenges, and future development trends for improving interlayer bonding performance, the research progress on the interlayer bonding performance of bridge deck pavements in China and abroad was reviewed. First, the characterization models and bond failure modes of the existing interlayer bonding state of bridge deck pavements were summarized, and the influencing factors of interlayer bonding performance and their working mechanisms were analyzed. Second, current evaluation methods and indices for interlayer bonding performance were discussed, and their limitations were pointed out. Finally, effective measures for improving interlayer bonding performance are outlined, and future research directions are proposed. The results show that the current interlayer contact models are relatively simple and have difficulty accurately characterizing complex interlayer bonding states. Temperature and interlayer interface roughness are the key factors affecting interlayer bonding performance. Existing interlayer bonding performance evaluation methods mostly rely on destructive shear tests, and the development of repeatable and rapid non-destructive testing technologies is an important trend. At present, there is no unified evaluation standard or specification for interlayer bonding performance at home and abroad, and the consistency among different evaluation indices is insufficient. It is recommended that the evaluation of interlayer bonding performance be incorporated into the bridge deck pavement design system to improve pavement durability and ensure the long-term service performance of bridges.